Vanodzima moto vanoshandisa aqueous Film-forming foam (AFFF) kubatsira kudzima moto wakaoma, kunyanya moto unosanganisira peturu kana zvimwe zvinwiwa zvinobvira, zvinozivikanwa seKirasi B moto. Nekudaro, haasi ese mafuro ekudzima moto anoiswa seAFFF.

Mamwe AFFF maumbirwo ane kirasi yemakemikari anozivikanwa seperfluorochemicals (PFCs)uye izvi zvakasimudza kushushikana pamusoro pekugona kwekusvibiswa kwemvura yepasimasosi kubva mukushandiswa kweAFFF vamiririri vane PFCs.

Muna May 2000, the3M Kambaniyakati haichabudisi PFOS (perfluorooctanesulphonate)-based flurosurfactants vachishandisa electrochemical flouorination process. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, maPFC ainyanya kushandiswa mukupisa moto aive PFOS uye zvakabva pairi.

AFFF inokurumidza kudzima moto wehuni, asi iwo ane PFAS, inomiririra per- uye polyfluoroalkyl zvinhu. Kumwe kusvibiswa kwePFAS kunobva mukushandiswa kwemafuro ekudzima moto. (Mufananidzo/Joint Base San Antonio)

NYAYA DZINOENDERANA

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Mumakore mashoma apfuura, indasitiri yemafuro ekudzimisa moto yatama kubva kuPFOS nezvinobvamo nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemutemo. Vagadziri ivavo vakagadzira uye vakaunza kumusika furo dzemoto dzisingashandisi fluorochemicals, kureva, iyo isina fluorine.

Vagadziri vefuro isina fluorine vanoti furo idzi hadzina kukanganisa nharaunda uye dzinosangana nemvumo dzepasi rose dzezvinodiwa zvekudzima moto uye zvinotarisirwa nevashandisi vekupedzisira. Kunyange zvakadaro, kune kuenderera mberi nekunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza pamusoro pemafuro ekudzimisa moto uye tsvakurudzo pamusoro penyaya inoenderera mberi.

KUNOTISWA NEKUSHANDISWA KWEAFFF?

Zvekutyira zviri pakati pekukanganisa kunokanganisa nharaunda kubva pakubuda kwefuro mhinduro (musanganiswa wemvura nefuro concentrate). Nyaya dzekutanga ndedzehupfu, biodegradability, kushingirira, kurapwa mumiti yekuchenesa mvura yetsvina uye kurodha ivhu. Zvese izvi zvinokonzeresa kushushikana kana foam solution yasvikamasisitimu emvura echisikigo kana emumba.

Kana PFC-ine AFFF ichishandiswa kakawanda munzvimbo imwe kwenguva yakareba, maPFC anogona kufamba kubva mufuro kuenda muvhu obva apinda mumvura yepasi. Kuwanda kwePFCs inopinda mumvura yepasi inobva kune rudzi uye huwandu hweAFFF yakashandiswa, kwayaishandiswa, rudzi rwevhu nezvimwe zvinhu.

Kana matsime akavanzika kana eruzhinji ari padyo, anogona kukanganiswa nePFCs kubva kwaishandiswa AFFF. Heino kutarisa kune iyo Minnesota's Department of Health yakabudiswa; ndiyo imwe yenyika dzakawandakuongororwa kusvibiswa.

"Muna 2008-2011, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) yakaedza ivhu, mvura yepasi, mvura yepasi, uye madhamu panzvimbo uye pedyo ne13 AFFF nzvimbo dzakatenderedza nyika. Vakaona mazinga akakwira ePFCs kune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi kazhinji kusvibiswa kwacho hakuna kukanganisa nzvimbo yakakura kana kuisa njodzi kuvanhu kana nharaunda. Nzvimbo nhatu - Duluth Air National Guard Base, Bemidji Airport, uye Western Area Fire Training Academy - dzakaonekwa uko maPFC akapararira zvakaringana zvekuti Dhipatimendi rehutano reMinnesota neMPCA vakafunga kuyedza matsime ekugara ari pedyo.

"Izvi zvinowanzoitika pedyo nenzvimbo uko PFC-ine AFFF yakashandiswa kakawanda, senge nzvimbo yekudzidzira moto, nhandare dzendege, nzvimbo dzekuchenesa, uye zvidyarwa zvemakemikari. Izvo hazvigone kuitika kubva kune imwe-nguva kushandiswa kweAFFF kurwisa moto, kunze kwekunge mavhoriyamu makuru eAFFF achishandiswa. Kunyangwe zvimwe zvinodzimisa moto zvinotakurika zvingashandisa PFC-ine AFFF, imwe nguva kushandiswa kwechitsama chidiki chakadaro kungaite njodzi kumvura yepasi.

FURO RINOBVA

Kubuda kwefuro/mvura mhinduro ingangove mhedzisiro yeimwe kana anopfuura eanotevera mamiriro:

• Kudzimisa moto nemaoko kana kuti mafuta-gumbeze mabasa;
• Kudzidzira zviitwa uko furo riri kushandiswa muzviitiko;
• Foam midziyo system uye bvunzo dzemotokari; kana
• Fixed system inoburitswa.

Nzvimbo umo chimwe kana zvimwe zvezviitiko izvi zvingangoitika zvinosanganisira zvivakwa zvendege uye nzvimbo dzekudzidzisa vanodzima moto. Nzvimbo dzenjodzi dzakakosha, dzakadai sedzimba dzekuchengetera zvinhu zvinobvira moto/ dzine njodzi, nzvimbo zhinji dzekuchengetera mvura inobatidza moto uye nzvimbo dzekuchengetera marara, gadzirawo runyoro.

Zvinonyanya kudiwa kuunganidza furo mhinduro mushure mekushandisa kwayo kudzima moto. Kunze kwechikamu chefuro pachacho, furo racho rinogona kunge rakasvibiswa nemafuta kana hutsi dziri mumoto. Chiitiko chenguva dzose chemidziyo ine njodzi chatanga.

Matanho ekuchengetera manyore anoshandiswa pakuteuka anosanganisira mvura ine ngozi anofanirwa kushandiswa kana mamiriro nevashandi zvichibvumidza. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuvharira madhirani emvura kuti adzivise furo/mushonga wemvura wakasvibiswa kuti upinde mutsvina yetsvina kana nharaunda isina kutariswa.

Maitiro ekudzivirira akadai sekudhanha, diking uye kutsausa anofanirwa kushandiswa kutora furo / mvura mhinduro kunzvimbo yakakodzera kuchengeterwa kudzamara yabviswa neine njodzi yekuchenesa kontrakita.

KUDZIDZWA NEFURO

Kune akagadzirirwa akagadzirirwa kudzidziswa mafuro anowanikwa kubva kune vazhinji vanogadzira furo vanotevedzera AFFF panguva yekudzidziswa kwepamoyo, asi isina hupfurosurfactants sePFC. Aya mafuro ekudzidzira anowanzo kurongeka uye ane kushoma kwezvakatipoteredza; vanogonawo kutumirwa zvakachengeteka kunzvimbo yekuchenesa mvura yetsvina kuti igadziriswe.

Kusavapo kwehupfu hwehupfu mukudzidzira furo zvinoreva kuti furo idzo dzine kudzikiswa kwekutsva-kumashure kuramba. Semuyenzaniso, furo rekudzidzira rinozopa chinovharisa mhute mumoto wezvinwiwa zvinobvira zvichikonzera kudzimwa, asi gumbeze refuro iroro rinokurumidza kuparara.

Icho chinhu chakanaka kubva pamaonero emurairidzi sezvo zvichireva kuti unogona kuitisa mamwe mamiriro ekudzidzira nekuti iwe nevadzidzi vako hamuna kumirira kuti simulator yekudzidzisa igadzirire zvakare.

Kudzidzira maekisesaizi, kunyanya ayo anoshandisa furo chairo rakapera, anofanirwa kusanganisira zvigadziro zvekuunganidzwa kwefuro rakapedzwa. Pazvishoma, zvivakwa zvekudzidzira moto zvinofanirwa kuve nekugona kuunganidza furo mhinduro inoshandiswa mukudzidzira mamiriro ekubudisira kunzvimbo yekuchenesa mvura.

Pamberi pekubuda ikoko, nzvimbo yekuchenesa mvura yetsvina inofanira kuziviswa uye mvumo inopiwa kudhipatimendi remoto kuti mumiririri asunungurwe pamutengo wakatarwa.

Chokwadi mabhindauko emainduction masisitimu eKirasi A foam (uye pamwe iyo agent chemistry) icharamba ichifambira mberi sezvayakaita mumakore gumi apfuura. Asi kana iri yeKirasi B foam inotarisisa, mumiririri chemistry kuvandudza kuedza kunoratidzika kunge kwakaomeswa nekufamba kwenguva nekuvimba neiyo iripo base tekinoroji.

Kubva pakaunzwa mirau yezvakatipoteredza mukati memakore gumi apfuura kana zvakadaro pane fluorine-based AFFFs ivo vagadziri vefuro vanodzima moto vakanyatsotora dambudziko rekusimudzira. Zvimwe zveizvi zvigadzirwa zvisina fluorine ndezvekutanga-chizvarwa uye zvimwe chizvarwa chechipiri kana chechitatu.

Vacharamba vachishanduka mune zvose makemikari emakemikari uye kushanda kwemoto nechinangwa chekuwana kushanda kwepamusoro pazvinwiwa zvinopisa uye zvinopisa, kuvandudzwa kwekupisa kwekudzivirira kwekuchengetedzwa kwemoto uye kupa mamwe makore akawanda ehupenyu hwesherufu pamusoro pemafuro anobva kuprotein.